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|| Announcement ! || * CALL FOR PAPERS * Volume.5, Issue.2, June, 2021 is OPEN (Deadline for manuscript submission is June 15, 2021) < ESTIRJ-Engineering Science and Technology International Research Journal is scholarly blind peer review multidisciplinary International Journal (ISSN: (e) 2520-7393 (p) 2521-5027)||

ESTIRJ Volume 5, Issue1  Mar, 2021

Paper 1: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PID CONTROL FOR VTOL BASED UAV SYSTEM (1-5)

Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to their hovering and vertical take-off and landing, have acquired a lot of interest from researchers. In order to implement UAVs, different techniques and methods are used. QNET VTOL 2.0 board in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles is an important platform designed for NI ELVIS II. In this research a comparative study of PID tunning for QNET VTOL 2.0 board, using LabVIEW is presented. Three tuning methods heuristic(error and trial) method, intelligent tunning using fuzzy logic and ANFIS(adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system) are chosen for comparison on the basis of literature. The proposed PID tunning methods are applied to the existing PID controller for controlling the pitch angle of QNET VTOL 2.0 board. The main purpose of this study is to compare the performance of proposed three tuning methods on the basis of step characteristic (rise time settling time , peak time and maximum overshoot). From the experimental results it is found that implementation of ANFIS has improved the simulation results significantly as compare to the self-tuned fuzzy PID and conventional PID.

Author 1: Mahroona Jawaid
Author 2: Prof. Dr. Arbab Nighat Kalhoro
Author 3: Prof. Dr. Farida Memon

Keywords: UAV; PID; FUZZY LOGIC; ANFIS; VTOL.

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Paper 2: EARLY DETECTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES USING SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING (6-11)

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that carries the risk of stroke, renal failure, kidney complications, cardiac disease, peripheral artery disease, and death. There are 3 primary diabetes types: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. type 2 diabetes is the most common and accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases. Type 2 diabetes can be cured if it is predicted timely. Type 2 diabetes is a condition that can be anticipated based on factors such as glucose level, Body mass index etc. The advancement in machine learning proved to ground breaking in the field of medicines a lot of prediction models are in production use for various fatal diseases. In this research early prediction of type 2 diabetes is performed using features such as Pregnancies, Glucose Level Blood Pressure, Skin Thickness, Body Mass Index, Diabetes Pedigree Function and Age . The machine learning algorithms used in this research are Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree and Random Forest. The evaluation parameters used in this study are Accuracy, precision, recall, ROC AUC and precision recall curve. The results of evaluation proved logistic regression the best model with accuracy, precision and recall of 80.2%, 75% and 58%.

Author 1: Abdul Qayyum
Author 2: Dr Shahnawaz Talpur
Author 1: Dr. Moazzam Jawaid

Keywords: Diabetes; Machine Learning; PID; Type 2 Diabetes and Supervised machine learning

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Paper 3: HUMAN FRONTAL FACE CONSTRUCTION USING GEOMETRICAL SHAPE ANALYSIS (12-16)

Abstract: Intelligence systems are becoming increasingly interested in recent years. For the purpose of defense systems, numerous intelligence systems have been implemented. Biometric and video monitoring systems are two of the best intelligence systems used for security purposes. When a crime scene happens, these intelligence systems are present to detect suspicious persons. Since this study is about human faces, biometric devices can be used to identify them. Different features such as eyes, noses, and lips can be compared to the original images, and suspicious individuals can be easily identified. The second is a video surveillance device, in which multiple photographs are captured at the time of a crime, but there are two big concerns that arise when the images are taken. One is image quality, which is due to brightness, and the other is the absence of a full frontal human face. This thesis focuses on improving the human frontal face and creating a complete human face from the half of the face that is accessible using geometrical measurements. Geometrical measurements of various extracted facial features are taken using various methods. Face is effectively generated using those measurements. Finally, the original image and the created image are distinguished.

Author 1: Qandeel Zehra
Author 2: Dr.M. Moazzam Jawaid
Author 3: Aqeela Soomro

Keywords: Image Enhancement; Landmarking; Intelligence System; Feature Extraction; Geometrical Measurement

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Paper 4: MALARIA CELLS IMAGE ANALYSIS USING IMAGE PROCESSING FILTERS AND NAÏVE BAYES CLASSIFIER (17-23)

Abstract: Malaria is a most widely spread dangerous blood disease that caused by a mosquito parasite which is called plasmodium. It transmitted into a human’s blood via a female Anopheles mosquito so the life cycle of malaria starts and destroy the RGB cells. It affects pregnant women and 37% of adults and 79% of children under five year’s i.e. taking life of a child at every minute. Symptoms for this disease usually appears in 10 days to 3 weeks after a bite of an infected mosquito. The common symptoms of this disease are fever, headache, vomiting, muscle pain that may reason of death and coma. So In this research work, we propose detection algorithm for malaria disease by using matlab tool. We use image processing filters and techniques to identify the malaria disease along with the Naive Bayes Classifier. In this research, the proposed method detect the normal cell and abnormal cell. Parameters are used like circularity, Area, Perimeter, Mean and also find the number of parasites if cell is normal no parasite found but if cell is abnormal then it will find the number of parasites. The aim of this research is to detect the malaria cell that either it is infected or not and in last we got the efficient results with the high accuracy.

Author 1: Aqeela Soomro
Author 2: Engr. Rizwan Badar Baloch
Author 3: Dr.M.Moazzam Jawaid
Author 4: Qandeel Zehra
Author 4: Nasreen Babar

Keywords: Median Filter, RGB to Gray, Intensity, Feature Vectors, Naive Bayes Classifier.

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Paper 5: PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND SUGAR MILL EFFLUENT USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (24-28)

Abstract: : There are plenty of sugar industries available in Pakistan which generates bagasse, mud and effluent that could be utilized to cope with energy crisis and mitigate the pollution as well. This study depicts the potential to use both bagasse supplemented with effluent for the production of biofuels through separate hydrolysis and fermentation. Bagasse was pretreated with NaOH 2%, 5% and 10% concentrations to enhance the reducing sugar under three outstanding groups A, B and C. Each group contains two samples; bagasse with demineralized water and bagasse with effluent. Group-B with 5% NaOH concentration had the highest reducing sugar content i.e. 15.1% and 18.6% respectively. The highest reducing sugar samples (B1 and B2) were used for the fermentation using saccharomyces cerevisiae which is widely used on controlled condition such as pH 5, Temperature 30 ℃ and RPM 300. Ethanol yield form B1 and B2 were recorded as 6.46g/L Bioethanol and 7.84g/L Bioethanol at 48 hours respectively. Notwithstanding, it would be the best approach to reduce the pollution load from ecosystem if sugarcane bagasse and mill effluent use for the production of Bioethanol.

Author 1: Saud Khan
Author 2: Sheeraz Ahmed Memon
Author 3: Shaheen Aziz
Author 4: Sanaullah Arain

Bioethanol, Second generation Biomass, Sugarcane bagasse, Sugar Mill Effluent, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.

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Paper 6: ASPECT BASED REAL-TIME OPINION MINING FOR ONLINE FEEDBACK OF PRODUCTS AT AMAZON™ (29-34)

Abstract: : : Opinion mining and sentiment analysis are the enhanced techniques in the field of natural language processing to identify what people experience, behave, and gives feedback. Also, how these traits lure other customers in making decisions during the online shopping. Analysis of reviews is very important factor for buyers and sellers. As star-based feedback is no more effective therefore, various proprietary tools and complex analysis of customers’ feedback analysis are already in the digital market. This paper introduces a simple but very relevant approach that encompasses the aspect-based analysis of opinion (reviews/ comments). The study takes data from Amazon™ mainly for cosmetic products. The results show that product performance or rating is very different if, aspects of i) product quality, ii) product packaging, and product shipment are taken into consideration. Aspect based method uses VADER sentiment analysis algorithm. The results show that aspect-based approach for opinion mining can be generally applied to any online store or application. Our approach gives true and effective feedback by categorizing the reviews with positive, negative, and neutral polarities. The results are found to be very promising, relevant, and effective when compared with star-based rating as well.

Author 1: Aasha
Author 2: Adnan Ashraf
Author 3: Manzoor Hashmani
Author 4: Faryal Baloch
Author 5: Hadi Ehsan

Keywords: Aspect-Base, category level, sentiment VADER, Customer Review, quality, packing, shipment, e-commerce

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Paper 7: SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON PAK-INDO CONTROVERSIES USING INNOVATIVE POLARITIES IN PREDICTIVE MODELING (35-38)

Abstract: : 5th Generation war is all about dealing information against the enemies. Competitors, countries and law-enforcement agencies use social media platforms against their enemies. Due to easy access of large masses to propagate any information or disinformation, the social media is not only shaping but, reviewing the ideas, sentiment, and emotions globally. This also influences not only the regional/ international political setups but is able to enforce the decision-making processes in countries with feeble democratic environment. The terrorists or non-state actors are capable to exploit the sensitive ethnic or religious environment through their propagandas. This research focuses the sensitive region of South Asia for Pak-Indo controversies and sentiments’ analysis of people across the borders. These controversies act as a threat to global-peace due to rising aggression over line-of-control and on social media. The paper investigates and analyzes public opinion of two major controversies seeking global attention as threat to regional peace. Applying the multiple-linear regression model on data obtained from Twitter with variables (dependent and independent) the sentiment analysis was performed for, i) humorous, ii) non-humorous, iii) negative, and iv) positive polarities. The results indicate a very interesting trend in public opinion about these controversies. The paper highlights the need of developing strategies to level the public sentiments for minimizing the hatred that become cause of periodical casualties occurring on both sides. This research encompasses an innovative combination of sentiment analysis using humor and non-humor as dependent variable.

Author 1: Faryal Baloch
Author 2: Adnan Ashraf
Author 3: Sanam Narejo
Author 4: Aasha
Author 5: Mehak Memon

Keywords: 5th Generation war, Pak-Indo conflicts, sentiment analysis, humor and non-humor polarities

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Paper 8: STUDY OF AMINE BASED CO2 ABSORPTION FROM NATURAL GAS(39-46)

Abstract: : A model of Absorption process of amine gas sweetening has been developed though Aspen Hysys to evaluate the performance of the absorption. Operating parameters like pressure, temperature, flow is directly impact on the performance of the absorption. The Performance of the absorption has been investigated through various operating parameters. Absorption Column show great performance by increasing the inlet lean Amine temperature. Likewise, operating parameters, absorbing agents obviously influence on the performance of the absorption column. Different combination of amines has been tested through simulation to evaluate the performance of the absorption. Absorption column show great performance when using different mixture of amines.

Author 1: Syed Yawar Ali
Author 2: Imran Nazir Unar

Keywords: Temperature, Pressure, Absorption, MDEA, Simulation, Absorbing Agents.

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Paper 9: BIOGAS GENERATION AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND REMOVAL THROUGH ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF SPENT WASH DILUTED WITH GREY WATER UNDER MESOPHILIC CONDITION(47-52)

Abstract: : Spent wash is a highly toxic liquid wasted generated by distillation of molasses into alcohol containing high amounts of organic matters that cause the increase in high COD. Discharge of this waste has become the main problems of distilleries unless qualitative procedure is applied to treat it by degradation of organic matter. Anaerobic digestion is best suited treating process for spent wash as biological, environmental friendly and economical which also produces clean source of energy called as Biogas. Sample was collected from treated spent wash as outlet of anaerobic digestion plant as it contains still high COD. Grey water was used as innovation in research to dilute spent wash because of presence of microorganisms in it. Biogas production from co-digestion of chicken manure & buffalo dung with spent wash were used with a calculated ratio in all digesters. The ratio of dung slurry was prepared as 1:3 of buffalo & chicken. Total three formulations were prepared in this research. The batch was consisted of A, B & C digesters respectively. Anaerobic digestion for biogas generation and biogas quality analysis was evaluated under Mesophilic condition (35±2°C). The biomasses (substrates) of buffalo &chicken manures were characterized in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH before and after co-digestion process. The biogas production was measured on 24 hours basis by water displacement method for (60 days). The maximum Biogas was observed in digester C. Biogas production from digesters A & B were negligible or not sufficient. The generated biogas was sampled from digester-C and analysed through Gas Chromatograph (GC) for methane (CH4) Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. The maximum methane concentration was found in digester “C” as 71% methane and 13.80% carbon dioxide. The significant removal was obtained in C.O.D reduction 80.84 % with the concentration value as 8140mg/l. Results of this research work from digester C showed positive findings as compared to literature outcomes. According to Unicol distillery’s treatment, COD removal is approximately 60%. Whereas this research provides 20% increase in COD reduction and maximum amount of concentrated biogas in terms of Methane.

Author 1: M Waleed Shaikh
Author 2: Engr. Aisha Kousar Abro
Author 3: M Jawad Shaikh

Keywords: Spent Wash, Biogas, Anaerobic Treatment, Grey Water, Chemical Oxygen Demand

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Paper 10: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE TYPES OF WASTE GENERATED FROM KADANWARI FIELD TO EVALUATE THE SEVERITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ON SITE(53-60)

Abstract: : The solid waste generated at surface bodies are capable of damaging the surface commodities at large scale. Indeed, it is very necessary to find a way to evaluate the amount of waste that is being generated at any particular geographical region and there should be an immense solution for disposing the waste. The aim of this study will be to collect data on the current state of environment in the Kadanwari field to observe the impact of company’s activities on the local community and environment. The data that has been taken for the laboratory analysis is taken from 12 departments of Kadanwari field namely; Auto department, Mechanical department, Clinical department, Electrical department, Instrumentation department, Production department, Drilling department, Camp1 and Camp2, Westcon, Project and W/H department. The methodology will be adopting for study is based on qualitative and quantitative characterization of samples from the field. Environmental assessment that is being conducted during the monitoring and evaluation process to define an impact of a project. It must take place when the project is being initiated so at the beginning of the project but after a decision of implementing it.

Author 1: Muhammad Shoaib Khan
Author 2: Dr.Prof Khan Muhammad Brohi
Author 3: Dr. Muhammad Safar Korai

Keywords: Department, Environment, Kadanwari field, Hazardous and non-Hazardous, Proximate and Ultimate Analysis

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Paper 11: FACTORS INFLUENCING PRIVATE TRANSPORT USERS TO SHIFT TOWARDS PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN KARACHI(61-66)

Abstract: : The capital city Karachi during the previous fifty years, has witnessed a dramatic rise in urban development and motorization. The lack of effective public transportation in Karachi is a result of extremely low car operating costs that are accessible to a large range of Karachi residents, resulting in excessive car use. The study is conducted in South-Karachi, Pakistan. This research aimed to develop a mode choice model to shift car travelers towards Sustainable alternative mode choice, To, achieve the aim, two objectives were set i.e., to determine the psychological factors that affect the motorists to switch to public transport mode the second objective was to develop Mode Choice model concerning psychological factors. Overall results showed that intention to use private transport is satisfactory. The role of intention is very critical for the success of the research. Eight hypotheses were selected, in which only one hypothesis Environmental Awareness on Attitudes towards PS accepted. Therefore, stakeholders need to take certain measures to overcome these factors, adopt travel demand management push, and pull measures to encourage.

Author 1: Muzamil Hussain Shah
Author 2: Irfan Ahmed Memon
Author 3: Aftab Hussain Talpur
Author 4: Waqar Ahmed Sethar
Author 5: Gopal Das

Keywords: Factors, Mode Choice, Psychological Factors, efficient, Stakeholders

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Paper 12: COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM ON PRODUCTIVITY, SAVING AND COST CONSUMPTION OF WATER. (CASE STUDY)(67-73)

Abstract: : Cotton and Banana are one of the major cash crops of Pakistan. Most of the farmers in Sindh use conventional irrigation system (furrow or flood irrigation) for the agriculture purpose, which causes water losses in the form of evaporation and runoff. Excess of water produces water logging which spoil soil and decrease crop yield. This study conducted to analyze the water losses during irrigation because Sindh Province is counted in the arid zone. This study was carried out at Talpur’s Farm (District Jamshoro) and Kernal’s Farm (District Tando Mohammad Khan). In developing countries, the most important factor is to control and obtain maximum yield with minimum expenses. According to the obtained results 34.25 maunds per acre yield of cotton was obtained by saving maximum water and 29.2 maunds per acre on the furrow system as per market. In terms of water consumption, the furrow irrigation system consumes about 60% to 70% more than the drip irrigation system. The yield of the banana crop was counted in terms of fingers and one crop contained minimum 4 fingers. In the drip system 430 crops were planted in one acre, so 430 crops contain 1720 fingers and 400 crops per acre in furrow irrigation that contain 1600 fingers. In perspective of water consumption, the furrow system consumes 55% to 65% more water than drip system. The initial cost for the irrigation system is very important for the farmers. However, drip system incurred 33% more cost than the furrow system Therefore, to promote the drip irrigation system 60% of total cost is being provide by the World Bank to the farmer/owner for adoption of the system.

Author 1: Aamir Memon
Author 2: Prof. Khalifa Qasim Laghari

Keywords: Conventional, Drip Irrigation; Productivity; Evaporation; Cost analysis

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Paper 13: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT OPERATING PARAMETERS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION MIXED WITH COAL IN MULTI-OPPOSITE BURNER (MOB) GASIFIER (74-81)

Abstract: : The technology of gasification for the Solid fuels has been recognized and used from decades and believed as clean coal technology. There are several configurations have been developed but now a days, popularity of Multiple Opposite Burner (MOB) Gasifiers are being grown for low grade coals. MOB gasifiers are mostly tested for coal gasification whereas few applications for biomass gasification were also available. However, they have not been tested with the biomass mixture with low-grade coal. The current research focused on investigating the performance of MOB gasifier by mixing the biomass and low-grade coal. Commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT modeled the MOB gasifier. The energy equations and equation of continuity with Navier-Stoke fluid flow equation have been solved. Standard model of k-ε turbulence was used to anticipate turbulence in flow. The Euler-Lagrangian framework was applied to explain the two phases. Biomass to coal, oxygen to carbon ratio and feed flowrate were changed to observe the gasifier performance. Three biomasses i.e., cotton stalk, rice husk and sugarcane bagasse along with Thar coal compositions were used. As per results, mixing of biomass with coal shown significant effects on the syngas composition, temperature and char conversion. The maximum mole fraction of CO was observed 0.344 with 0.155 mole fraction of H2 with 90% Rice Husk and 10% Thar coal at 1.0 O/C ratio and 0.1 Kg/sec feed flowrate. O/C ratio has also significant effect on the syngas composition and char conversion. On increasing O/C ratio from 0.8 to 1.2, the mole fraction of CO and H2 increases first and then decrease. The optimized O/C ratio was observed 1.0. At this O/C ratio, the char conversion was also maximum and syngas exit temperature was found minimum.

Author 1: Veeso Mal
Author 2: Masroor Abro
Author 3: Khan Muhammad Brohi
Author 4: Abdul Samee Memon
Author 5: Imran Nazir Unar

Keywords: Coal Gasification, Biomass Gasification, Gasifier, CFD, Ansys FLUENT.s

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Paper 14:EFACTORS AFFECTING RESIDENTIAL LAND VALUES: A CASE STUDY OF TANDO ALLAHYAR CITY (82-87)

Abstract: : TThe comparison technique has been the most acceptable method for valuation particularly for residential property. Land valuation is the way of assessing the characteristics of a given piece of land depend on experience and judgment. Valuation of properties especially residential properties commonly done manually or based on current report. Lack of training and education always remained an obstacle to the use of GIS by property professionals and appraiser that is why often problem of land valuation and management occurs and people face the problems in the form of land purchasing, land selling, original price of land etc. Tando Allahyar City’s main colonies were selected for this study. This research was consisted on two objectives 1) To highlight the colonies of the study area, 2) To identify the factors impacting land values. For this two factors were used namely accessibility and physical factor. Data collection were collected in the form of questionnaires from land valuers and experts. 55% respondents were considering that accessibility factors were encouraging on residential values and 45% respondents were in the favour of physical factors. Mostly those areas where accessibility and physical facilities are in huge amount, where the value of land is high.

Author 1: Gopal Das
Author 2: Imtiaz Ahmed Chandio
Author 3: Mir Aftab Hussain Talpur
Author 4: Irfan Ahmed Memon
Author 5: Fahad Ahmed Shaikh

Keywords: Factor, Residential, Value, Accessibility, Physical

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Paper 15: POWER EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED WIND ENERGY SYSTEM USING DSTATCOM-BESS(88-95)

Abstract: : In recent years the wind generation of electricity has been increased vastly in power sector and the trend of wind energy generation is expected to remain in consideration. Because of different environmental conditions and grid integration with the wind energy generation system, power quality issues arise these issues can be in the form of harmonics, voltage dips, voltage swells, poor voltage regulation, power factor problems. connection of wind power and grid with each other affects efficiency and quality of the power system. For power quality and efficiency Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is used in the system for this purpose. This paper discussed power quality improvement technique with the help of DSTATCOM with battery energy storage system (BESS) for grid connected wind power plant. Reactive power supply is the main focus of induction generator and load to achieve satisfactory results, MATLAB/Simulink is used for the simulation of proposed scheme.

Author 1: Waseem Salam

Keywords: Power efficiency, PLL technique, voltage source converter, D-STATCOM,, Voltage sag swell, wind generation

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Paper 16: ACCESSIBILITY AND USABILITY OF SUSTAINABLE GREEN BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY ON HYDERABAD, PAKISTAN (96-101)

Abstract: : The right of access and availing the available facilities are foundational and fundamental right of each living man on earth. This right can be ensured by removing all such barriers and hurdles which make the access of people difficult or impossible. Sustainable designs (SD), green building and healthy designs, are the ideas which may bring evolution in the daily life of people on earth and somehow may contribute in making a life easier of PWDs. This research paper mainly gives attention to universal design for all and its findings can be implemented in buildings design and buildings for frequent public use. The upcoming urban planning have special concerned that in future cities, towns and basic infrastructure and services must be friendly to prevailing environment, easy to access, simple and smart in use and inclusive for the use of all along with the disable people who are the part and parcel in the fabric of natural society. The aim of this research is to assess the satisfaction, perceived by public satisfaction of four public buildings at Hyderabad city. Total sixteen attributes were assembled into two components, i.e. External environment and internal environment. Data were collected from 120 respondents and analyzed using respondent satisfaction index and examination index. Furthermore, the findings of this study show that the respondent has low levels of satisfaction with public buildings, followed by the external environment and internal environment. Hence, this ongoing research leans to bridge the deficit that presently found in prevailing public buildings' condition in Pakistan. Furthermore, this study provides main variable’s of respondents’ satisfaction which will guide the private agencies and government. Moreover, it will improve the overall condition of government and private building by providing a policy framework.

Author 1: Anum Fatima Bhatti
Author 2: Mir Aftab Hussain Talpur
Author 3: Imtiaz Ahmed Chandio
Author 4: Gopal Das Menghwar
Author 5: Muzamil Hussain

Keywords: Accessibility, sustainable design, town planning, urban infrastructure, environmental barrier

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Paper 17: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE TYPES OF WASTE GENERATED FROM KADANWARI FIELD TO EVALUATE THE SEVERITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ON SITE(102-112)

Abstract: : The objective of this research is to apply a mathematical model with the help of lumped parameter method and to conduct different test on induction motor using MATLAB to calculate temperature distribution in induction motor elements to maintain induction motor thermal stability and to find out if operating conditions is sufficient for insulation of copper windings, to discover induction motor hottest element as it has vital effect on performance and operation of motor. It was eminent from thermal model analysis that rotor bars and end winding are hottest element in the induction motor, and the reason is rotor bar losses and stator copper losses as this depend on stator current, this current of stator could be increased by decreasing the stator frequency or by increasing applied torque, which results in increase of each element temperature. The induction motor thermal model is validated by analytical values and result obtained from the MATLAB simulation model values and obtained results validate the correctness of the anticipated thermal model has uncertainties of about 4% ~ 6%.

Author 1: Maheen Gul

Keywords: Induction motor, thermal model, electromagnetic model, heat transfer method, Lumped parameter thermal networks

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Paper 18: ASSESSMENT OF SOIL QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSE IN THE AREA OF LAKHRA COAL FIELD (103-110)

Abstract: : The coal is being extracted from the Lakhra Coal Field (LCF) for more than 60 years without being consideration of environmental effects on the soil properties. The objective of this study was to assess the most important soil quality parameters (pH, electric conductivity, organic matter, organic carbon and sulfur) which can help to understand the future prospects of crop production in the area of LCF. In this regard, total 48 soil samples were collected from six different blocks located in the area of LCF. A strong negative correlation was found between pH and sulfur content of soil due to high sulfur content of coal (6.0-11.0%) which showed acidic nature of the soil (>5.0-6.0). The lower pH of soil was found in those blocks where coal contamination was visibly high, evident from the field campaign. Block-3 showed lower sulfur content (2.0-4.5%) and higher pH (6.0-7.0) values compared to other blocks. The results indicate that the soil quality in the area of LCF is severely affected by coal and debris contamination which in turn reduced the organic matter and organic carbon in the soil. This study provides an insight to the policy makers for the formulation of reclamation or rehabilitation plan to avoid shifting of environmental burden to next generation.

Author 1: Muhammad Ashraf Mallah
Author 2: Munawar Ali Pinjaro
Author 3: Sajid Hussain Mangi
Author 4: Sheeraz Ahmed Memon
Author 5: DAli Akbar Maitlo

Keywords: Lakhra Coal Field (LCF); Underground coal mining; Sulfur content; Electric Conductivity (EC); Soil properties.

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Paper 19: ANALYSIS OF LENGTH OF BUSY PERIODS OF DUAL DATA TRAFFIC USING QUEUING SYSTEM(111-114)

Abstract: : TIn this paper the queuing theory is used to model the dual data traffic for the Analysis of length of busy period of dual data traffic of any communication system using queuing this provides over all information about internal system behavior when system is either busy or Idle. Markov chain is developed to analyze the system busy period and the system utilization is also analyzed through queuing, this evaluated by using Markov chain analysis.

Author 1: Mohammad Ali
Author 2: Wajiha Shahi

Keywords: Queuing System, Markov process, Service Rate, Arrival Rate, Busy Period

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Paper 20: GROUNDWATER QUALITY EVALUATION OF TALUKA KOTDIJI, SINDH, PAKISTAN(115-119)

Abstract: : This study has been carried out to determine the groundwater quality of taluka Kotdiji district Khairpur Mirs, Sindh, Pakistan for drinking use. For this purpose, 39 groundwater samples were collected from various locations and were tested for physicochemical parameters like Odour, Colour, Taste Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Power of Hydrogen (pH), Turbidity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The sensory test was adopted to determine the Odour, Colour and Taste of groundwater samples. The digital Turbidity meter, pH meter, EC meter and TDS meter were used respectively for the determination of Turbidity, pH, EC and TDS concentrations. The EDTA titration method was adopted to determine the Total Hardness of the groundwater.The results of these parameters were validated with WHO standards. The outcomes of physicochemical analysis showed that no any sample has pH and turbidity value beyond WHO limits, 54% samples of EC, 10% samples of TH and 54% samples of TDS have crossed the WHO suggested limits.

Author 1: J.A Keerio
Author 2: G.S Solangi
Author 3: Z.A Jumani
Author 4: M.A Keerio

Keywords: Groundwater Evaluation, Physicochemical, Taluka Kotdiji, Sindh

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Paper 21: URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON WATER ACCESSIBILITY IN EAST KARACHI(120-123)

Abstract: : This study puts lights on the impacts of urbanization on water crisis in Karachi district east. The issue of water crisis is worsening due to increase in urbanization in the study area. Regarding study, a number of studies have reviewed to know how other authors have used different research methodologies. After analyzing the certain studies digitizing Arc GIS technique, close ended questions from residents and descriptive analysis methods were used to conduct the study. The results which obtained through questionnaire show that mainly water supply was available alongside the main roads and as long as one enters into the Tehsils availability of water decreases due to unchecked construction and due to increase in population water demand is increasing day by day which results in water scarcity. Union councils wise overhead proposed tanks should be provided to meet the existing and future demand of water in the city. Rain water storage facilities and liquid waste water treatment plant model which was adopted in California USA to meet the water demand of the city should be provided UC wise though which huge amount of water could be preserved. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is not only to highlight the dreadful impact of urbanization on water in east Karachi but also suggest some practical measures to improve the water accessibility in other areas of Karachi.

Author 1:Aneel Ahmed ,
Author 2: Dr.PrMir Aftab Hussain Talpur
Author 3: Noman Sahito
Author 4: Gopal Das
Author 5: Shaharyar Brohi

Keywords: : Urbanization, Water Supply, Accessibility, Water Demand and Supply.

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ISSN: (e) 2520-7393
(P) 2521-5027

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